Gene Expression in Presymptomatic Huntington's Disease

Gene Expression in Presymptomatic Huntington's Disease

Altered regulation of transcripts involved in synaptic vesicle trafficking in presymptomatic Huntington's disease

G Auburger, J Khan, P Yu, V Charles, P Hemachandra Reddy, LH Saal, A Glatfelter, S Gispert-Sanchez, T Young, M Bittner, P Meltzer, DA Tagle

Nature Genetics, submitted, 2000.

cDNA microarray hybridization with presymptomatic or grade 2 HD striatum versus control

IMAGE ID transcript name cal ratio Pre cal ratio grade 2 consistent^a references

210575 VSNL1 (visinin-like 1, VILIP) 10.134 1.756 yes VSNL1

429349 RGS4 (RGP4, regulator of G protein signalling) 7.141 1.062 yes RGS4

258790 CCK (procholecystokinin precursor) 6.37 0.457 yes CCK

52076 NOE1 (neuronal olfactomedin-related ER-localized, pancortin) 5.673 0.611 NOE1

292996 YWHAH (14-3-3 eta tyrosine hydroxylase activation protein) 5.459 0.468 yes YWHAH

971399 SYT1 (synaptotagmin-1) 5.034 2.302 SYT1

843098 NAP22 (neuronal tissue enriched acidic protein) 4.938 0.351 yes NAP22

176606 NELL2 (nel-related protein 2) 4.727 0.782 yes NELL2

49389 STX1A (syntaxin-1) 4.509 1.848 yes STX1A

969877 SNAP25 (synaptosomal associated protein 25) 4.072 0.611 yes SNAP25

564621 PI12 (neuroserpin, NSP, protease inhibitor 12) 4.049 1.253 PI12

46938 TBR1 (putative cerebral cortex transcriptional regulator T-brain-)1 3.983 1.361 TBR1

51702 GOT1 (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 soluble, aspartate aminotransferase 1) 3.973 0.758 yes GOT1

37366 TUBB (beta-1-tubulin) 3.791 2.599 TUBB

757489 TUBA2 (alpha-2-tubulin) 3.498 0.788 yes TUBA2

251936 NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) 3.399 0.262 yes NSF

322148 CHGB (chromogranin B, secretogranin 1) 3.365 1.031 yes CHGB

26249 SH3GL2 (endophilin I, EEN-B1, SH3-containing Grb-2 like 2) 3.347 0.689 yes SH3GL2

586685 LGALS4 (GAL4, galectin-4, galactose binding soluble lectin) 3.111 0.852 LGALS4

53092 SLC3A1 (solute carrier family 3, cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transporters) 3.1 1.028 SLC3A1

162533 (LIM domain only 4, LMO4, breast tumor autoantigen) 3.069 0.864 LIMO4

179603 RAB3A (member RAS oncogene family Rab3a) 2.582 0.349 yes RAB3A

898258 CHN1 (N-chimaerin 1, p21rac GTPase activating protein) 2.510 0.460 yes CHN1

44563 GAP43 (growth associated protein 43) 2.242 0.437 yes GAP43

264640 CLTB (clathrin, light polypeptide, Lcb) 2.221 0.333 yes CLTB

53316 MDH1 (Malate dehydrogenase, NAD soluble, MDHA) 1.688 0.3 MDH1

362409 GAD1 (Glutamate decarboxylase 67kD) 1.539 0.222 GAD1

178825 NRGN (Neurogranin, protein kinase C substrate, RC3) 1.365 0.245 NRGN

769686 THY1 (Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein precursor) 1.237 0.333 THY1

174627 SCG2 (Secretogranin II precursor) 0.771 0.248 SCG2

121454 ALOX12 (Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) 1.012 4.039 ALOX12

51865 CA2 (Carbonic anhydrase II) 0.907 3.389 CA2

33643 GAD2 (Glutamate decarboxylase 2) 0.535 0.32 GAD2

629896 MAP1B (Microtubule-associated protein 1b) 0.521 4.39 MAP1B

743230 (silencing mediator of retinoid/thyroid hormone receptor alpha, SMRT, nuclear receptor corepressor 2, NCOR2, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K) 0.437 7.453 SMRT, NCOR2, hnRNP K

725677 PCTK3 (serine/threonine protein kinase PCTAIRE 3, cyclin-dependent kinase-related, CDC2-related) 0.38 3.14 PCTK3

171936 HPCA (Hippocalcin) 0.374 0.309 yes HPCA

970591 HMG1 (High-mobility group, nonhistone chromosomal, protein 1) 0.37 3.246 HMG1

461804 PTPN3 (Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 3, PTPH1) 0.363 3.939 PTPN3

825442 PTP4A2 (Protein-tyrosine phosphatase type IVA member 2, HU-PP-1, PRL-1, OV1) 0.358 4.721 PTP4A2

856961 EIF3S6 (Int6, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 6, 48K) 0.327 1.594 EIF3S6

786680 ANXA5 (annexin V, endonexin II) 0.326 1.363 ANXA5

221828 ATSV (axonal transporter of synaptic vesicles, KIF1A) 0.322 4.056 ATSV

68605 IGFBP7 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7, prostacyclin-stimulating factor, PSF, MAC25) 0.315 1.556 IGFBP7

1473300 HADHA (mitochondrial trifunctional protein, 78kD gastrin binding protein) 0.312 1.354 HADHA

669435 PFDN4 (C-1, prefoldin) 0.312 2.865 PFDN4

855385 CLN2 (lysosomal pepstatin insensitive protease, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 2, 14A1CK, tripeptidyl peptidase I) 0.308 0.921 CLN2

136235 GSTP1 (glutathione-S-transferase pi-1) 0.307 1.596 yes GSTP1

713922 GSTM4 (glutathione-S-transferase M4) 0.307 1.2 GSTM4

1473274 MYL2 (20-kDa myosin light chain, MLC-2) 0.302 4.174 MYL2

878545 RPL18 (60S ribosomal protein L18) 0.302 1.242 RPL18

297392 MT1L (metallothionein 1L) 0.299 1.498 yes MT1L

755145 VIL2 (ezrin, villin 2) 0.296 1.884 VIL2

279146 ITPKA (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A) 0.295 2.098 ITPKA

378461 SPP1 (osteopontin, secreted phosphoprotein 1, bone sialoprotein 1, early T-lymphocyte activation, ETA-1) 0.287 2.655 SPP1

214162 MT1H (metallothionein 1H) 0.284 1.699 yes MT1H

300474 ADTG (gamma-adaptin) 0.283 3.402 yes ADTG

813678 SLC1A3 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter, excitatory amino acid transporter 1, EAAT1, GLAST1) 0.281 0.997 SLC1A3

435330 SNT1 (syntrophin, alpha) 0.277 1.412 SNT1

202535 MT1G (metallothionein-1G) 0.275 1.517 yes MT1G

712049 MDA-7 (melanoma differentiation associated, suppression of tumorigenicity 16, IL10family) 0.271 2.9 MDA-7

897641 HNRPU (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U, scaffold attachment factor A, SAFA) 0.268 3.111 HNRPU

42258 NTRK2 (TrkB, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2, BDNF/NT-3 growth factor receptor) 0.253 2.176 yes NTRK2

781019 PON2 (serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 2) 0.252 1.654 PON2

811000 LGALS3BP (Mac-2 binding protein, galectin 6 binding, 90K product, L3 antigen, mama) 0.248 2.006 LGALS3BP

282501 SLC6A12 (Na- Cl-dependent betaine/GABA transporter, BGT1) 0.248 2.617 SLC6A12

487777 RB1 (retinoblastoma 1 including osteosarcoma, retinoblastoma-associated protein, p105-Rb) 0.247 0.63 RB1

266094 TOP3 (DNA topoisomerase III) 0.246 2.684 TOP3

773286 SLC9A3R1 (ezrin-radixin-moesin binding phosphoprotein-50, EBP50, NHERF) 0.245 1.827 SLC9A3R1

971276 RAP1GA1 (RAP-1, GTPase activating protein 1) 0.243 1.969 RAP1GA1

814478 BCL2A1 (Bcl-2 related, Bfl-1, A-1) 0.241 2.59 BCL2A1

1031799 SYCP1 (SCP1, synaptonemal complex protein 1, testicular protein) 0.241 3.12 SYCP1

809910 1-8U (interferon-inducible protein 1-8U) 0.238 1.763 yes 1-8U

810496 HUB1 (repressor protein, HTLV-I U5 repressive element binding protein 1, ZFP-29) 0.236 2.462 HUB1

282907 RYR3 (brain ryanodine receptor) 0.229 0.827 RYR3

755952 MGST3 (microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3) 0.229 2.433 MGST3

667482 MAL (T-cell differentiation, protein T-lymphocyte maturation-associated protein) 0.228 0.971 MAL

530035 S100A13 (S100 calcium binding protein A13, calgranulin B) 0.224 1.876 S100A13

51974 MOBP (myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein, proline-rich) 0.224 3.571 MOBP

204755 SFRS11 (arginine-rich nuclear splicing factor 11, p54, Prp4PK homolog, matrin cyclophilin) 0.222 5.101 yes SFRS11

774409 ENG (endoglin, CD105) 0.222 8.788 ENG

787938 SLC4A4 (sodium bicarbonate cotransporter member 4, HNBC1) 0.218 0.912 SLC4A4

204686 PLM (phospholemman chloride channel) 0.217 1.543 PLM

278242 PDK3 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 3) 0.216 3.224 PDK3

503083 MEIS2 (homeobox MRG1) 0.214 0.539 MEIS2

825013 APRIL (PHAPI2b, Lanp, leucine-rich acidic nuclear protein, pp32) 0.21 4.861 APRIL

788566 PCP4 (Purkinje cell protein 4, brain specific polypeptide PEP-19) 0.208 0.467 PCP4

755599 IFI17 (interferon-inducible protein 9-27, Leu-13 antigen) 0.197 1.567 IFI17

487425 CETN3 (centrin, EF-hand protein 3, CDC31 yeast homolog) 0.197 2.684 CETN3

752631 FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) 0.196 0.93 FGFR3

1387760 EPHX1 (epoxide hydrolase 1, microsomal, xenobiotic, EPOX, p33/HEH, p53/HEH) 0.196 1.394 EPHX1

154651 (pre-T/NK cell associated protein, 3B3) 0.189 3.151 yes 3B3

85128 C1QB (complement component 1, q subcomponent, beta polypeptide) 0.184 0.89 yes C1QB

511091 (protein immunoreactive with anti-PTH polyclonal) 0.184 3.434 protein immunoreactive with anti-PTH polyclonal

289818 MMSDH (methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase) 0.178 1.866 MMSDH

839101 GJA1 (connexin43, Cx43, cardiac gap junction) 0.174 1.577 yes GJA1

179617 PDES1B (calmodulin dependent phosphodiesterase PDE1B1) 0.17 0.361 PDES1B

755612 GPR39 (orphan G protein-coupled receptor) 0.168 0.57 GPR39

279172 AQP4 (aquaporin 4, mercurial insensitive water channel, MIWC) 0.167 1.945 yes AQP4

1492230 EFEMP1 (extracellular protein S1-5, FBNL, fibrillin-like, EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1) 0.153 1.881 EFEMP1

276091 ITPKB (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate 3-kinase B) 0.142 5.068 ITPKB

1472689 APOC1 (Apolipoprotein C1) 0.131 0.321 APOC1

279970 ADORA2A (adenosine receptor A2a) 0.11 0.528 ADORA2A

42627 COCH (Coch-5B2, coagulation factor C homology) 0.079 0.212 COCH

594633 CA12 (carbonic anhydrase precursor XII) 0.074 0.474 CA12

transcripts with more than 3-fold upregulation are underlined
transcripts with more than 3-fold downregulation are in bold

^a consistent in hybridization sets A and B

References

VSNL1 (visinin-like 1, VILIP)

McFerran BW, Graham ME, Burgoyne RD (1998) Neuronal Ca2+ senosr 1, the mammalian homologue of frequenin, is expressed in chromaffin and PC12 cells and regulates neurosecretion from dense-core granules. J Biol Chem 273: 22768-72. [Entrez]

RGS4 (RGP4, regulator of G protein signalling)

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CCK (procholecystokinin precursor)

Mazurek MF, Garside S, Beal MF (1997) Cortical peptide changes in Huntington's disease may be independent of striatal degeneration. Ann Neurol 41: 540-7. [Entrez]

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NOE1 (neuronal olfactomedin-related ER-localized, pancortin)

Nagano T, Nakamura A, Mori Y, Maeda M, Takami T, Shiosaka S, Takagi H, Sato M (1998) Differentially expressed olfactomedin-related glycoproteins (Pancortins) in the brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 53: 13-23. [Entrez]

YWHAH (14-3-3 eta tyrosine hydroxylase activation protein)

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SYT1 (synaptotagmin-1)

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NAP22 (neuronal tissue enriched acidic protein)

Yamamoto Y, Sokawa Y, Maekawa S (1997) Biochemical evidence for the presence of NAP-22, a novel acidic calmodulin binding protein, in the synaptic vesicles of rat brain. Neurosci Lett 224:127-30. [Entrez]

NELL2 (nel-related protein 2)

Watanabe TK, Katagiri T, Suzuki M, Shimizu F, Fujiwara T, Kanemoto N, Nakamura Y, Hirai Y, Maekawa H, Takahashi Ei (1996) Cloning and characterization of two novel human cDNAs (NELL1 and NELL2) encoding proteins with six EGF-like repeats. Genomics 38:273-6. [Entrez]

STX1A (syntaxin-1)

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SNAP25 (synaptosomal associated protein 25)

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Block-Galarza J, Chase KO, Sapp E, Vaughn KT, Vallee RB, DiFiglia M, Aronin N (1997)Fast transport and retrograde movement of huntingtin and HAP 1 in axons. Neuroreport 8:2247-51. [Entrez]

PI12 (neuroserpin, NSP, protease inhibitor 12)

Davis RL, Shrimpton AE, Holohan PD, Bradshaw C, Feiglin D, Collins GH, Sonderegger P, Kinter J, Becker LM, Lacbawan F, Krasnewich D, Muenke M, Lawrence DA, Yerby MS, Shaw CM, Gooptu B, Elliott PR, Finch JT, Carrell RW, Lomas DA (1999) Familial dementia caused by polymerization of mutant neuroserpin. Nature 401:376-9. [Entrez]

TBR1 (putative cerebral cortex transcriptional regulator T-brain-1)

Bulfone A, Smiga SM, Shimamura K, Peterson A, Puelles L, Rubenstein JL (1995) T-brain-1: a homolog of Brachyury whose expression defines molecularly distinct domains within the cerebral cortex. Neuron 15:63-78. [Entrez]

GOT1 (glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 soluble, aspartate aminotransferase 1)

Carter CJ (1984) Increased alanine aminotransferase activity in the Huntington's disease putamen. J Neurol Sci 66: 27-32. [Entrez]

Taylor-Robinson SD, Weeks RA, Bryant DJ, Sargentoni J, Marcus CD, Harding AE, Brooks DJ (1996) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Huntington's disease: evidence in favour of the glutamate excitotoxic theory. Mov Disord 11: 167-73. [Entrez]

Kim JS, Kornhuber HH, Holzmuller B, Schmid-Burgk W, Mergner T, Krzepinski G (1980) Reduction of cerebrospinal fluid glutamic acid in Huntington's chorea and in schizophrenic patients. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 228:7-10. [Entrez]

Bonilla E, Prasad AL, Arrieta A (1988) Huntington's disease: studies on brain free amino acids. Life Sci 42:1153-8. [Entrez]

TUBB (beta-1-tubulin)

Tukamoto T, Nukina N, Ide K, Kanazawa I (1997) Huntington's disease gene product, huntingtin, associates with microtubules in vitro. Mol Brain Res 51: 8-14. [Entrez]

Graveland GA, Williams RS, diFiglia M (1985) Evidence for degenerative and regenerative changes in neostriatal spiny neurons in Huntington's disease. Science 227: 770-3. [Entrez]

TUBA2 (alpha-2-tubulin)

Tukamoto T, Nukina N, Ide K, Kanazawa I (1997) Huntington's disease gene product, huntingtin, associates with microtubules in vitro. Mol Brain Res 51: 8-14. [Entrez]

Graveland GA, Williams RS, diFiglia M (1985) Evidence for degenerative and regenerative changes in neostriatal spiny neurons in Huntington's disease. Science 227: 770-3. [Entrez]

NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor)

Calakos N, Scheller RH (1996) Synaptic Vesicle Biogenesis, Docking and Fusion: A molecular description. Physiol Reviews 76: 1-29. [Entrez]

CHGB (chromogranin B, secretogranin 1)

Calakos N, Scheller RH (1996) Synaptic Vesicle Biogenesis, Docking and Fusion: A molecular description. Physiol Reviews 76: 1-29. [Entrez]

Goodall AR, Danks K, Walker JH, Ball SG, Vaughan PF (1997) Occurrence of two types of secretory vesicles in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. J Neurochem 68:1542-52. [Entrez]

SH3GL2 (endophilin I, EEN-B1, SH3-containing Grb-2 like 2)

Schmidt A, Wolde M, Thiele C, Fest W, Kratzin H, Podtelejnikov AV, Witke W, Huttner WB, Soling HD (1999) Endophilin I mediates synaptic vesicle formation by transfer of arachidonate to lysophosphatidic acid. Nature 401:133-41. [Entrez]

LGALS4 (GAL4, galectin-4, galactose binding soluble lectin)

Barondes SH, Castronovo V, Cooper DN, Cummings RD, Drickamer K, Feizi T, Gitt MA, Hirabayashi J, Hughes C, Kasai K, et al (1994) Galectins: a family of animal beta-galactoside-binding lectins. Cell 76:597-8. [Entrez]

Tourian A, Hung WY (1979) Huntington's disease fibroblasts: Nutritional and protein glycosylation studies. Adv Neurol 23, edited by TN Chase et al, Raven Press, New York.

Chen JD, Evans RM (1995) A transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors. Nature 377:454-7. [Entrez]

Dejgaard K, Leffers H, Rasmussen HH, Madsen P, Kruse TA, Gesser B, Nielsen H, Celis JE (1994) Identification, molecular cloning, expression and chromosome mapping of a family of transformation upregulated hnRNP-K proteins derived by alternative splicing. J Mol Biol 236:33-48. [Entrez]

SLC3A1 (solute carrier family 3, cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transporters)

Okuda S, Nishiyama N, Saito H, Katsuki H (1998) 3-Hydroxykynurenine, an endogenous oxidative stress generator, causes neuronal cell death with apoptotic features and region selectivity. J Neurochem 70:299-307. [Entrez]

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Gjedde A, Leger GC, Cumming P, Yasuhara Y, Evans AC, Guttman M, Kuwabara H (1993) Striatal L-dopa decarboxylase activity in Parkinson's disease in vivo: implications for the regulation of dopamine synthesis. J Neurochem 61:1538-41. [Entrez]

Pickel VM, Pohorille A, Chan J, Tate SS, Nirenberg MJ (1999) Regional and subcellular distribution of a neutral and basic amino acid transporter in forebrain neurons containing nitric oxide synthase. J Comp Neurol 404:459-72. [Entrez]

(LIM domain only 4, LMO4, breast tumor autoantigen)

Racevskis J, Dill A, Sparano JA, Ruan H (1999) Molecular cloning of LMO41, a new human LIM domain gene. Biochim Biophys 1445:148-53. [Entrez]

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RAB3A (member RAS oncogene family Rab3a)

Calakos N, Scheller RH (1996) Synaptic Vesicle Biogenesis, Docking and Fusion: A molecular description. Physiol Reviews 76: 1-29. [Entrez]

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CHN1 (N-chimaerin 1, p21rac GTPase activating protein)

Dong JM, Lim L (1996) Selective up-regulation of alpha 1-chimaerin mRNA in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells by K+/-induced depolarisation. Eur J Biochem 236:820-6. [Entrez]

GAP43 (growth associated protein 43)

Van Lookeren Campagne M, Dotti CG, Verkleij AJ, Gispen WH, Oestreicher AB (1992) B-50/GAP43 localization on membranes of putative transport vesicles in the cell body, neurites and growth cones of cultured hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 137:129-32. [Entrez]

CLTB (clathrin, light polypeptide, Lcb)

Calakos N, Scheller RH (1996) Synaptic Vesicle Biogenesis, Docking and Fusion: A molecular description. Physiol Reviews 76: 1-29. [Entrez]

Velier J, Kim M, Schwarz C, Kim TW, Sapp E, Chase K, Aronin N, DiFiglia M (1998) Wild-type and mutant huntingtins function in vesicle trafficking in the secretory and endocytic pathways. Exp Neurol 152:34-40. [Entrez]

Kim M, Velier J, Chase K, Laforet G, Kalchman MA, Hayden MR, Won L, Heller A, Aronin N, Difiglia M (1999) Forskolin and dopamine D1 receptor activation increase huntingtin's association with endosomes in immortalized neuronal cells of striatal origin. Neuroscience 89:1159-67. [Entrez]

MDH1 (Malate dehydrogenase, NAD soluble, MDHA)

Vogel R, Jennemann G, Seitz J, Wiesinger H, Hamprecht B (1998) Mitochondrial malic enzyme: purification from bovine brain, generation of an antiserum, and immunocytochemical localization in neurons of rat brain. J Neurochem 71:844-52. [Entrez]

Kurz GM, Wiesinger H, Hamprecht B (1993) Purification of cytosolic malic enzyme from bovine brain, generation of monoclonal antibodies, and immunocytochemical localization of the enzyme in glial cells of neural primary cultures. J Neurochem 60:1467-74. [Entrez]

GAD1 (Glutamate decarboxylase 67kD)

Bird ED, Iversen LL (1977) Neurochemical findings in Huntington's chorea. Essays Neurochem Neuropharmacol 1: 177-95. [Entrez]

NRGN (Neurogranin, protein kinase C substrate, RC3)

Chang JW, Schumacher E, Coulter PM 2nd, Vinters HV, Watson JB (1997) Dendritic translocation of RC3/neurogranin mRNA in normal aging, Alzheimer disease and fronto-temporal dementia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 56:1105-18. [Entrez]

THY1 (Thy-1 membrane glycoprotein precursor)

Jeng CJ, McCarroll SA, Martin TF, Floor E, Adams J, Krantz D, Butz S, Edwards R, Schweitzer ES (1998) Thy-1 is a component common to multiple populations of synaptic vesicles. J Cell Biol 140:685-98. [Entrez]

Shults CW, Kimber TA (1993) Thy-1 immunoreactivity distinguishes patches/striosomes from matrix in the early postnatal striatum of the rat. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 75:136-40. [Entrez]

SCG2 (Secretogranin II precursor)

Goodall AR, Danks K, Walker JH, Ball SG, Vaughan PF (1997) Occurrence of two types of secretory vesicles in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. J Neurochem 68:1542-52. [Entrez]

ALOX12 (Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase)

Normandin M, Gagne J, Bernard J, Elie R, Miceli D, Baudry M, Massicotte G (1996) Involvement of the 12-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in homosynaptic long-term depression of the rat hippocampus. Brain Res 730:40-6. [Entrez]

CA2 (Carbonic anhydrase II)

Velisek L, Moshe SL, Stanton PK (1995) Resistance of hippocampal synaptic transmission to hypoxia in carbonic anhydrase II-deficient mice. Brain Res 671:245-53. [Entrez]

Bouvier M, Szatkowski M, Amato A, Attwell D (1992) The glial cell glutamate uptake carrier countertransports pH-changing anions. Nature 360:471-4. [Entrez]

GAD2 (Glutamate decarboxylase 2)

Bird ED, Iversen LL (1977) Neurochemical findings in Huntington's chorea. Essays Neurochem Neuropharmacol 1: 177-95. [Entrez]

MAP1B (Microtubule-associated protein 1b)

Sanchez C, Ulloa L, Montoro RJ, Lopez-Barneo J, Avila J (1997) NMDA-glutamate receptors regulate phosphorylation of dendritic cytoskeletal proteins in the hippocampus. Brain Res 765:141-8. [Entrez]

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Tukamoto T, Nukina N, Ide K, Kanazawa I (1997) Huntington's disease gene product, huntingtin, associates with microtubules in vitro. Mol Brain Res 51: 8-14. [Entrez]

Graveland GA, Williams RS, diFiglia M (1985) Evidence for degenerative and regenerative changes in neostriatal spiny neurons in Huntington's disease. Science 227: 770-3. [Entrez]

(silencing mediator of retinoid/thyroid hormone receptor alpha, SMRT, nuclear receptor corepressor 2, NCOR2, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K)

Chen JD, Evans RM (1995) A transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors. Nature 377:454-7. [Entrez]

Hepp KD (1978) Psychiatric and neurologic disturbances in thyroid disorders. Wien Klin Wochenschr Suppl 94:14-6. [Entrez]

PCTK3 (serine/threonine protein kinase PCTAIRE 3, cyclin-dependent kinase-related, CDC2-related)

Sladeczek F, Camonis JH, Burnol AF, Le Bouffant F (1997) The Cdk-like protein PCTAIRE-1 from mouse brain associates with p11 and 14-3-3 proteins. Mol Gen Genet 254:571-7. [Entrez]

Besset V, Rhee K, Wolgemuth DJ (1999) The cellular distribution and kinase activity of the Cdk family member Pctaire1 in the adult mouse brain and testis suggest functions in differentiation. Cell Growth Differ 10:173-81. [Entrez]

HPCA (Hippocalcin)

Kobayashi M, Takamatsu K, Saitoh S, Noguchi T (1993) Myristoylation of hippocalcin is linked to its calcium-dependent membrane association properties. J Biol Chem 268:18898-904. [Entrez]

HMG1 (High-mobility group, nonhistone chromosomal, protein 1)

Briolay A, Rousset B, Roux B (1994) Nuclear proteins interacting with DNA and tubulin. Study of the interaction of the High Mobility Group protein 1 with tubulin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1219:39-46. [Entrez]

PTPN3 (Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 3, PTPH1)

Yang Q, Tonks NK (1991) Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a human protein-tyrosine phosphatase with homology to the cytoskeletal-associated proteins band 4.1, ezrin, and talin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:5949-53. [Entrez]

Zhang SH, Kobayashi R, Graves PR, Piwnica-Worms H, Tonks NK (1997) Serine phosphorylation-dependent association of the band 4.1-related protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPH1 with 14-3-3beta protein. J Biol Chem 272:27281-7. [Entrez]

Sahin M, Slaugenhaupt SA, Gusella JF, Hockfield S (1995) Expression of PTPH1, a rat protein tyrosine phosphatase, is restricted to the derivatives of a specific diencephalic segment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:7859-63. [Entrez]

Takeuchi K, Kawashima A, Nagafuchi A, Tsukita S (1994) Structural diversity of band 4.1 superfamily members. J Cell Sci 107:1921-8. [Entrez]

PTP4A2 (Protein-tyrosine phosphatase type IVA member 2, HU-PP-1, PRL-1, OV1)

Takano S, Fukuyama H, Fukumoto M, Kimura J, Xue JH, Ohashi H, Fujita J (1996) PRL-1, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, is expressed in neurons and oligodendrocytes in the brain and induced in the cerebral cortex following transient forebrain ischemia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 40:105-15. [Entrez]

EIF3S6 (Int6, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit 6, 48K)

Morris-Desbois C, Bochard V, Reynaud C, Jalinot P (1999) Interaction between the Ret finger protein and the int-6 gene product and co-localisation into nuclear bodies. J Cell Sci 112:3331-3342. [Entrez]

ANXA5 (annexin V, endonexin II)

Gotow T, Sakata M, Funakoshi T, Uchiyama Y (1996) Preferential localization of annexin V to the axon terminal. Neuroscience 75:507-21. [Entrez]

van den Eijnde SM, Lips J, Boshart L, Vermeij-Keers C, Marani E, Reutelingsperger CP, De Zeeuw CI (1999) Spatiotemporal distribution of dying neurons during early mouse development. Eur J Neurosci 11:712-24. [Entrez]

Spreca A, Rambotti MG, Giambanco I, Pula G, Bianchi R, Ceccarelli P, Donato R (1992) Immunocytochemical localization of annexin V (CaBP33), a Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid- and membrane-binding protein, in the rat nervous system and skeletal muscles and in the porcine heart. J Cell Physiol 152:587-98. [Entrez]

Garbuglia M, Verzini M, Donato R (1998) Annexin VI binds S100A1 and S100B and blocks the ability of S100A1 and S100B to inhibit desmin and GFAP assemblies into intermediate filaments. Cell Calcium 24:177-91. [Entrez]

ATSV (axonal transporter of synaptic vesicles, KIF1A)

Okada Y, Yamazaki H, Sekine-Aizawa Y, Hirokawa N (1995) The neuron-specific kinesin superfamily protein KIF1A is a unique monomeric motor for anterograde axonal transport of synaptic vesicle precursors. Cell 81:769-80. [Entrez]

Yonekawa Y, Harada A, Okada Y, Funakoshi T, Kanai Y, Takei Y, Terada S, Noda T, Hirokawa N (1998) Defect in synaptic vesicle precursor transport and neuronal cell death in KIF1A motor protein-deficient mice. J Cell Biol 141:431-41. [Entrez]

IGFBP7 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7, prostacyclin-stimulating factor, PSF, MAC25)

Swisshelm K, Ryan K, Tsuchiya K, Sager R (1995) Enhanced expression of an insulin growth factor-like binding protein (mac25) in senescent human mammary epithelial cells and induced expression with retinoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:4472-6. [Entrez]

Yamanaka Y, Wilson EM, Rosenfeld RG, Oh Y (1997) Inhibition of insulin receptor activation by insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. J Biol Chem 272:30729-34. [Entrez]

Farrer LA (1985) Diabetes mellitus in Huntington disease. Clin Genet 27:62-7. [Entrez]

Hurlbert MS, Zhou W, Wasmeier C, Kaddis FG, Hutton JC, Freed CR (1999) Mice transgenic for an expanded CAG repeat in the Huntington's disease gene develop diabetes. Diabetes 48:649-51. [Entrez]

HADHA (mitochondrial trifunctional protein, 78kD gastrin binding protein)

Dionisi-Vici C, Garavaglia B, Burlina AB, Bertini E, Saponara I, Sabetta G, Taroni F (1996) Hypoparathyroidism in mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency. J Pediatr 129:159-62. [Entrez]

Baldwin GS (1994) Antiproliferative gastrin/cholecystokinin receptor antagonists target the 78-kDa gastrin-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:7593-7. [Entrez]

PFDN4 (C-1, prefoldin)

Tukamoto T, Nukina N, Ide K, Kanazawa I (1997) Huntington's disease gene product, huntingtin, associates with microtubules in vitro. Mol Brain Res 51: 8-14. [Entrez]

Hansen WJ, Cowan NJ, Welch WJ (1999) Prefoldin-nascent chain complexes in the folding of cytoskeletal proteins. J Cell Biol 145:265-77. [Entrez]

CLN2 (lysosomal pepstatin insensitive protease, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 2, 14A1CK, tripeptidyl peptidase I)

Junaid MA, Pullarkat RK (1999) Increased brain lysosomal pepstatin-insensitive proteinase activity in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Lett 264:157-60. [Entrez]

Facchinetti P, Rose C, Rostaing P, Triller A, Schwartz JC (1999) Immunolocalization of tripeptidyl peptidase II, a cholecystokinin-inactivating enzyme, in rat brain. Neuroscience 88:1225-40. [Entrez]

Geier E, Pfeifer G, Wilm M, Lucchiari-Hartz M, Baumeister W, Eichmann K, Niedermann G (1999) A giant protease with potential to substitute for some functions of the proteasome. Science 283:978-81. [Entrez]

GSTP1 (glutathione-S-transferase pi-1)

Orrenius S, Burkitt MJ, Kass GE, Dypbukt JM, Nicotera P (1992) Calcium ions and oxidative cell injury. Ann Neurol 32 Suppl:S33-42. [Entrez]

GSTM4 (glutathione-S-transferase M4)

Orrenius S, Burkitt MJ, Kass GE, Dypbukt JM, Nicotera P (1992) Calcium ions and oxidative cell injury. Ann Neurol 32 Suppl:S33-42. [Entrez]

MYL2 (20-kDa myosin light chain, MLC-2)

Mobley PL, Hedberg K, Bonin L, Chen B, Griffith OH (1994) Decreased phosphorylation of four 20-kDa proteins precedes staurosporine-induced disruption of the actin/myosin cytoskeleton in rat astrocytes. Exp Cell Res 214:55-66. [Entrez]

Liao B, Paschal BM, Luby-Phelps K (1999) Mechanism of Ca2+-dependent nuclear accumulation of calmodulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:6217-22. [Entrez]

RPL18 (60S ribosomal protein L18)

Sakai D, Tong HS, Minkin C (1995) Osteoclast molecular phenotyping by random cDNA sequencing. Bone 17:111-9. [Entrez]

Patton AJ, Genever PG, Birch MA, Suva LJ, Skerry TM (1998) Expression of an N-methyl-D-aspartate-type receptor by human and rat osteoblasts and osteoclasts suggests a novel glutamate signaling pathway in bone. Bone 22:645-9. [Entrez]

MT1L (metallothionein 1L)

Ebadi M, Iversen PL, Hao R, Cerutis DR, Rojas P, Happe HK, Murrin LC, Pfeiffer RF (1995) Expression and regulation of brain metallothionein. Neurochem Int 27:1-22. [Entrez]

Cuajungco MP, Lees GJ (1997) Zinc metabolism in the brain: relevance to human neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 4:137-69. [Entrez]

VIL2 (ezrin, villin 2)

Friederich E, Pringault E, Arpin M, Louvard D (1990) From the structure to the function of villin, an actin-binding protein of the brush border. Bioessays 12:403-8. [Entrez]

ITPKA (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A)

Ibata K, Fukuda M, Mikoshiba K (1998) Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate binding activities of neuronal and non-neuronal synaptotagmins. Identification of conserved amino acid substitutions that abolish inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate binding to synaptotagmins III, V, and X. J Biol Chem 273:12267-73. [Entrez]

Schiavo G, Gmachl MJ, Stenbeck G, Sollner TH, Rothman JE (1995) A possible docking and fusion particle for synaptic transmission. Nature 378:733-6. [Entrez]

SPP1 (osteopontin, secreted phosphoprotein 1, bone sialoprotein 1, early T-lymphocyte activation, ETA-1)

Ellison JA, Velier JJ, Spera P, Jonak ZL, Wang X, Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ (1998) Osteopontin and its integrin receptor alpha(v)beta3 are upregulated during formation of the glial scar after focal stroke. Stroke 29:1698-706; discussion 1707. [Entrez]

MT1H (metallothionein 1H)

Ebadi M, Iversen PL, Hao R, Cerutis DR, Rojas P, Happe HK, Murrin LC, Pfeiffer RF (1995) Expression and regulation of brain metallothionein. Neurochem Int 27:1-22. [Entrez]

Cuajungco MP, Lees GJ (1997) Zinc metabolism in the brain: relevance to human neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 4:137-69. [Entrez]

ADTG (gamma-adaptin)

Engelender S, Sharp AH, Colomer V, Tokito MK, Lanahan A, Worley P, Holzbaur EL, Ross CA (1997) Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) interacts with the p150Glued subunit of dynactin. Hum Mol Genet 6:2205-12. [Entrez]

Zizioli D, Meyer C, Guhde G, Saftig P, von Figura K, Schu P (1999) Early embryonic death of mice deficient in gamma-adaptin. J Biol Chem 274:5385-90. [Entrez]

SLC1A3 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter, excitatory amino acid transporter 1, EAAT1, GLAST1)

Levy LM, Lehre KP, Walaas SI, Storm-Mathisen J, Danbolt NC (1995) Down-regulation of glial glutamate transporters after glutamatergic denervation in the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 7: 2036-41. [Entrez]

Segovia G, Del Arco A, Mora F (1999) Role of glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters in the regulation of the glutamate-glutamine cycle in the awake rat. Neurochem Res 24:779-83. [Entrez]

SNT1 (syntrophin, alpha)

Gee SH, Madhavan R, Levinson SR, Caldwell JH, Sealock R, Froehner SC (1998) Interaction of muscle and brain sodium channels with multiple members of the syntrophin family of dystrophin-associated proteins. J Neurosci 18:128-37. [Entrez]

Iwata Y, Pan Y, Yoshida T, Hanada H, Shigekawa M (1998) Alpha1-syntrophin has distinct binding sites for actin and calmodulin. FEBS Lett 423:173-7. [Entrez]

MT1G (metallothionein-1G)

Ebadi M, Iversen PL, Hao R, Cerutis DR, Rojas P, Happe HK, Murrin LC, Pfeiffer RF (1995) Expression and regulation of brain metallothionein. Neurochem Int 27:1-22. [Entrez]

Cuajungco MP, Lees GJ (1997) Zinc metabolism in the brain: relevance to human neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 4:137-69. [Entrez]

MDA-7 (melanoma differentiation associated, suppression of tumorigenicity 16, IL10family)

Gohring F et al (1997) The novel SAR-binding domain of scaffold attachment factor A (SAF-A) is a target in apoptotic nuclear breakdown. EMBO J. 16:7361-71. [Entrez]

HNRPU (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U, scaffold attachment factor A, SAFA)

Chen JD, Evans RM (1995) A transcriptional co-repressor that interacts with nuclear hormone receptors. Nature 377:454-7. [Entrez]

NTRK2 (TrkB, neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2, BDNF/NT-3 growth factor receptor)

Volpe BT, Wildmann J, Altar CA (1998) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents the loss of nigral neurons induced by excitotoxic striatal-pallidal lesions. Neuroscience 83:741-8. [Entrez]

Saudou F, Finkbeiner S, Devys D, Greenberg ME (1998) Huntingtin acts in the nucleus to induce apoptosis but death does not correlate with the formation of intranuclear inclusions. Cell 95:55-66. [Entrez]

PON2 (serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 2)

Hegele RA (1999) Paraoxonase genes and disease. Ann Med 31:217-24. [Entrez]

LGALS3BP (Mac-2 binding protein, galectin 6 binding, 90K product, L3 antigen, mama)

Grewal RP, Yoshida T, Finch CE, Morgan TE (1997) Scavenger receptor mRNAs in rat brain microglia are induced by kainic acid lesioning and by cytokines. Neuroreport 8:1077-81. [Entrez]

SLC6A12 (Na- Cl-dependent betaine/GABA transporter, BGT1)

Yamauchi A, Uchida S, Kwon HM, Preston AS, Robey RB, Garcia-Perez A, Burg MB, Handler JS (1992) Cloning of a Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent betaine transporter that is regulated by hypertonicity. J Biol Chem 267:649-52. [Entrez]

RB1 (retinoblastoma 1 including osteosarcoma, retinoblastoma-associated protein, p105-Rb)

Lee EY, Hu N, Yuan SS, Cox LA, Bradley A, Lee WH, Herrup K (1994) Dual roles of the retinoblastoma protein in cell cycle regulation and neuron differentiation. Genes Dev 8:2008-21. [Entrez]

Robbins PD, Horowitz JM, Mulligan RC (1990) Negative regulation of human c-fos expression by the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature 346:668-71. [Entrez]

TOP3 (DNA topoisomerase III)

Fritz E, Elsea SH, Patel PI, Meyn MS (1997) Overexpression of a truncated human topoisomerase III partially corrects multiple aspects of the ataxia-telangiectasia phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:4538-42. [Entrez]

SLC9A3R1 (ezrin-radixin-moesin binding phosphoprotein-50, EBP50, NHERF)

Kurashima K, D'Souza S, Szaszi K, Ramjeesingh R, Orlowski J, Grinstein S (1999) The apical Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform NHE3 is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 274:29843-9. [Entrez]

Hall RA, Premont RT, Chow CW, Blitzer JT, Pitcher JA, Claing A, Stoffel RH, Barak LS, Shenolikar S, Weinman EJ, Grinstein S, Lefkowitz RJ (1998) The beta2-adrenergic receptor interacts with the Na+/H+-exchanger regulatory factor to control Na+/H+ exchange. Nature 392:626-30. [Entrez]

Takeuchi K, Kawashima A, Nagafuchi A, Tsukita S (1994) Structural diversity of band 4.1 superfamily members. J Cell Sci 107:1921-8. [Entrez]

RAP1GA1 (RAP-1, GTPase activating protein 1)

Ohtsuka T, Hata Y, Ide N, Yasuda T, Inoue E, Inoue T, Mizoguchi A, Takai Y (1999) nRap GEP: A Novel Neural GDP/GTP Exchange Protein for Rap1 Small G Protein That Interacts with Synaptic Scaffolding Molecule (S-SCAM). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 265:38-44. [Entrez]

Kawasaki H, Springett GM, Toki S, Canales JJ, Harlan P, Blumenstiel JP, Chen EJ, Bany IA, Mochizuki N, Ashbacher A, Matsuda M, Housman DE, Graybiel AM (1998) A Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor enriched highly in the basal ganglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:13278-83. [Entrez]

York RD, Yao H, Dillon T, Ellig CL, Eckert SP, McCleskey EW, Stork PJ (1998) Rap1 mediates sustained MAP kinase activation induced by nerve growth factor. Nature 392:622-6. [Entrez]

McCormick F (1995) Ras-related proteins in signal transduction and growth control. Mol Reprod Dev 42:500-6. [Entrez]

BCL2A1 (Bcl-2 related, Bfl-1, A-1)

Wang CY, Guttridge DC, Mayo MW, Baldwin AS Jr (1999) NF-kappaB induces expression of the Bcl-2 homologue A1/Bfl-1 to preferentially suppress chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 19:5923-9. [Entrez]

D'Sa-Eipper C, Chinnadurai G (1998) Functional dissection of Bfl-1, a Bcl-2 homolog: anti-apoptosis, oncogene-cooperation and cell proliferation activities. Oncogene 16:3105-14. [Entrez]

SYCP1 (SCP1, synaptonemal complex protein 1, testicular protein)

Gil-Alberdi L, del Mazo J (1992) Microtubule-associated proteins during mouse spermatogenesis: localization of a protein immunologically related to brain MAP1B protein in the synaptonemal complex. Cytogenet Cell Genet 59:1-5. [Entrez]

Heyting C (1996) Synaptonemal complexes: structure and function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 8:389-96. [Entrez]

1-8U (interferon-inducible protein 1-8U)

Lewin AR, Reid LE, McMahon M, Stark GR, Kerr IM (1991) Molecular analysis of a human interferon-inducible gene family. Eur J Biochem 199:417-23. [Entrez]

HUB1 (repressor protein, HTLV-I U5 repressive element binding protein 1, ZFP-29)

Okumura K, Sakaguchi G, Naito K, Tamura T, Igarashi H (1997) HUB1, a novel Kruppel type zinc finger protein, represses the human T cell leukemia virus type I long terminal repeat-mediated expression. Nucleic Acids Res 25:5025-32. [Entrez]

RYR3 (brain ryanodine receptor)

Lazarewicz JW, Rybkowski W, Sadowski M, Ziembowicz A, Alaraj M, Wegiel J, Wisniewski HM (1998) N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated, calcium-induced calcium release in rat dentate gyrus/CA4 in vivo. J Neurosci Res 51:76-84. [Entrez]

Murayama T, Ogawa Y (1996) Properties of Ryr3 ryanodine receptor isoform in mammalian brain. J Biol Chem 271:5079-84. [Entrez]

Hakamata Y, Nakai J, Takeshima H, Imoto K (1992) Primary structure and distribution of a novel ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel from rabbit brain. FEBS Lett 312:229-35. [Entrez]

MGST3 (microsomal glutathione S-transferase 3)

Orrenius S, Burkitt MJ, Kass GE, Dypbukt JM, Nicotera P (1992) Calcium ions and oxidative cell injury. Ann Neurol 32 Suppl:S33-42. [Entrez]

MAL (T-cell differentiation, protein T-lymphocyte maturation-associated protein)

Millan J, Puertollano R, Fan L, Rancano C, Alonso MA (1997) The MAL proteolipid is a component of the detergent-insoluble membrane subdomains of human T-lymphocytes. Biochem J 321:247-52. [Entrez]

S100A13 (S100 calcium binding protein A13, calgranulin B)

Ingvar M, Schmidt-Kastner R, Meller D (1994) Immunohistochemical markers for neurons and astrocytes show pan-necrosis following infusion of high-dose NMDA into rat cortex. Exp Neurol 128:249-59. [Entrez]

Heizmann CW (1999) Ca2+-binding S100 proteins in the central nervous system. Neurochem Res 24:1097-100. [Entrez]

Niki I, Yokokura H, Sudo T, Kato M, Hidaka H (1996) Ca2+ signaling and intracellular Ca2+ binding proteins. J Biochem (Tokyo) 120:685-98. [Entrez]

Heierhorst J, Mitchelhill KI, Mann RJ, Tiganis T, Czernik AJ, Greengard P, Kemp BE (1999) Synapsins as major neuronal Ca2+/S100A1-interacting proteins. Biochem J 344:577-583. [Entrez]

Hyden H, Lange PW, Larsson S (1980) S100-glia regulation of GABA transport across the nerve cell membrane. J Neurol Sci 45:303-16. [Entrez]

MOBP (myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein, proline-rich)

Montague P, Barrie JA, Thomson CE, Kirkham D, McCallion AS, Davies RW, Kennedy PG, Griffths IR (1998) Cytoskeletal and nuclear localization of myelin oligodendrocytic basic protein isoforms. Eur J Neurosci 10:1321-8. [Entrez]

SFRS11 (arginine-rich nuclear splicing factor 11, p54, Prp4PK homolog, matrin cyclophilin)

Hu T, Guan T, Gerace L (1996) Molecular and functional characterization of the p62 complex, an assembly of nuclear pore complex glycoproteins. J Cell Biol 134:589-601. [Entrez]

ENG (endoglin, CD105)

Ge AZ, Butcher EC (1994) Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding mouse endoglin, an endothelial cell TGF-beta ligand. Gene 138:201-6. [Entrez]

Haitjema T, Westermann CJ, Overtoom TT, Timmer R, Disch F, Mauser H, Lammers JW (1996) Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease): new insights in pathogenesis, complications, and treatment. Arch Intern Med 156:714-9. [Entrez]

SLC4A4 (sodium bicarbonate cotransporter member 4, HNBC1)

Romero MF, Hediger MA, Boulpaep EL, Boron WF (1997) Expression cloning and characterization of a renal electrogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransporter. Nature 387:409-13. [Entrez]

PLM (phospholemman chloride channel)

Moorman JR, Jones LR (1998) Phospholemman: a cardiac taurine channel involved in regulation of cell volume. Adv Exp Med Biol 442:219-28. [Entrez]

PDK3 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 3)

Dennig G, Sieghart W (1984) Apparent identity of alpha-subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase